Diagnostic Imaging: Spine

Part I: Congenital and Genetic Disorders SECTION 1: CONGENITAL NORMAL ANATOMICAL VARIATIONS Normal Anatomy Measurement Techniques MR Artifacts Normal Variant Craniovertebral Junction Variants Ponticulus Posticus Ossiculum Terminale Conjoined Nerve Roots Limbus Vertebra Filum Terminale Fibrolipoma Bone Island Ventriculus Terminalis CHIARI DISORDERS Chiari 0 Chiari 1 Complex Chiari Chiari 2 Chiari 3 ABNORMALITIES OF NEURULATION Approach to Spine and Spinal Cord Development Myelomeningocele Lipomyelomeningocele Lipoma Dorsal Dermal Sinus Simple Coccygeal Dimple Dermoid Cysts Epidermoid Cysts ANOMALIES OF THE CAUDAL CELL MESS Tethered Spinal Cord Segmental Spinal Dysgenesis Caudal Regression Syndrome Terminal Myelocystocele Anterior Sacral Meningocele 120 Sacral Extradural Arachnoid Cyst Sacrococcygeal Teratoma ANOMALIES OF NOTOCHORD AND VERTEBRAL FORMATION Craniovertebral Junction Embryology Paracondylar Process Split Atlas Klippel-Feil Spectrum Failure of Vertebral Formation Vertebral Segmentation Failure Diastematomyelia Partial Vertebral Duplication Incomplete Fusion, Posterior Element Neurenteric Cyst DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITIES Os Odontoideum Lateral Meningocele Dorsal Spinal Meningocele Dural Dysplasia GENETIC DISORDERS Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Neurofibromatosis Type 2 Achondroplasia Mucopolysaccharidoses Sickle Cell Disease Osteogenesis Imperfecta Tuberous Sclerosis Osteopetrosis Gaucher Disease Ochronosis Connective Tissue Disorders Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Thanatophoric Dwarfism SECTION 2: SCOLIOSIS AND KYPHOSIS Introduction to Scoliosis Scoliosis Kyphosis Degenerative Scoliosis Flat Back Syndrome Scoliosis Instrumentation Part II: Trauma SECTION 1: VERTEBRAL COLUMN, DISCS, AND PARASPINAL MUSCLE Fracture Classification Atlantooccipital Dislocation Ligamentous Injury Occipital Condyle Fracture Jefferson C1 Fracture Odontoid C2 Fracture Burst C2 Fracture Hangman's C2 Fracture Apophyseal Ring Fracture Cervical Hyperflexion Injury Cervical Hyperextension Injury Cervical Hyperextension-Rotation Injury Cervical Burst Fracture Cervical Hyperflexion-Rotation Injury Cervical Lateral Flexion Injury Cervical Posterior Column Injury Traumatic Disc Herniation Thoracic and Lumbar Burst Fracture Facet-Lamina Thoracolumbar Fracture Fracture Dislocation Chance Fracture Thoracic and Lumbar Hyperextension Injury Anterior Compression Fracture Lateral Compression Fracture Lumbar Facet-Posterior Fracture Sacral Traumatic Fracture Pedicle Stress Fracture Sacral Insufficiency Fracture SECTION 2: CORD, DURA, AND VESSELS SCIWORA Post-traumatic Syrinx Presyrinx Edema Spinal Cord Contusion-Hematoma Idiopathic Spinal Cord Herniation Central Spinal Cord Syndrome Traumatic Dural Tear Traumatic Epidural Hematoma Traumatic Subdural Hematoma Vascular Injury, Cervical Traumatic Arteriovenous Fistula Wallerian Degeneration Part III: Degenerative Diseases and Arthritides SECTION 1: DEGENERATIVE DISEASES Nomenclature of Degenerative Disc Disease Degenerative Disc Disease Degenerative Endplate Changes Degenerative Arthritis of the CVJ Disc Bulge Anular Fissure, Intervertebral Disc Cervical Intervertebral Disc Herniation Thoracic Intervertebral Disc Herniation Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation Intervertebral Disc Extrusion, Foraminal Cervical Facet Arthropathy Lumbar Facet Arthropathy Facet Joint Synovial Cyst Baastrup Disease Bertolotti Syndrome Schmorl Node Scheuermann Disease Acquired Lumbar Central Stenosis Congenital Spinal Stenosis Cervical Spondylosis DISH OPLL Ossification Ligamentum Flavum Periodontoid Pseudotumor SECTION 2: SPONDYLOLISTHESIS AND SPONDYLOLYSIS Spondylolisthesis Spondylolysis Instability SECTION 3: INFLAMMATORY, CRYSTALLINE, AND MISCELLANEOUS ARTHRITIDES Adult Rheumatoid Arthritis Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Spondyloarthropathy Neurogenic (Charcot) Arthropathy Hemodialysis Spondyloarthropathy Ankylosing Spondylitis CPPD Gout Longus Colli Calcific Tendinitis Part IV: Infection and Inflammatory Disorders SECTION 1: INFECTIONS Pathways of Spread Spinal Meningitis Pyogenic Osteomyelitis Tuberculous Osteomyelitis Fungal and Miscellaneous Osteomyelitis Osteomyelitis, C1-C2 Brucellar Spondylitis Septic Facet Joint Arthritis Paraspinal Abscess Epidural Abscess Subdural Abscess Abscess, Spinal Cord Viral Myelitis HIV Myelitis Syphilitic Myelitis Opportunistic Infections Echinococcus Schistosomiasis Cysticercosis SECTION 2: INFLAMMATORY AND AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS Acute Transverse Myelopathy Idiopathic Acute Transverse Myelitis Multiple Sclerosis Neuromyelitis Optica ADEM Guillain-Barr Syndrome CIDP Sarcoidosis Subacute Combined Degeneration HARDWARE Metal Artifact Occipitocervical Fixation Plates and Screws Cages Interbody Fusion Devices Interspinous Spacing Devices Cervical Artificial Disc Lumbar Artificial Disc Hardware Failure Bone Graft Complications rhBMP-2 Complications Heterotopic Bone Formation Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis Grisel Syndrome Paraneoplastic Myelopathy Part V: Neoplasms, Cysts, and Other Masses SECTION 1: NEOPLASMS INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW Spread of Neoplasms EXTRADURAL Blastic Osseous Metastases Lytic Osseous Metastases Hemangioma Osteoid Osteoma Osteoblastoma Aneurysmal Bone Cyst Giant Cell Tumor Osteochondroma Chondrosarcoma Osteosarcoma Chordoma Ewing Sarcoma Lymphoma Leukemia Plasmacytoma Multiple Myeloma Neuroblastic Tumor Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Angiolipoma INTRADURAL EXTRAMEDULLARY Schwannoma Meningioma Solitary Fibrous Tumor/Hemangiopericytoma Neurofibroma Malignant Nerve Sheath Tumors Metastases, CSF Disseminated Paraganglioma INTRAMEDULLARY Astrocytoma Cellular Ependymoma Myxopapillary Ependymoma Hemangioblastoma Spinal Cord Metastases Primary Melanocytic Neoplasms/Melanocytoma Ganglioglioma SECTION 2: NONNEOPLASTIC CYSTS AND TUMOR MIMICS CYSTS CSF Flow Artifact Meningeal Cyst Perineural Root Sleeve Cyst Syringomyelia NONNEOPLASTIC MASSES AND TUMOR MIMICS Epidural Lipomatosis Normal Fatty Marrow Variants Fibrous Dysplasia K mmell Disease Hirayama Disease IgG4 Related Disease/Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis SECTION 3: VASCULAR AND SYSTEMIC DISORDERS VASCULAR LESIONS Vascular Anatomy Persistent First Intersegmental Artery Persistent Hypoglossal Artery Persistent Proatlantal Artery Type 1 Vascular Malformation (dAVF) Type 2 Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM) Type 3 Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM) Type 4 Vascular Malformation (AVF) Conus Arteriovenous Malformation Posterior Fossa Dural Fistula with Intraspinal Drainage Cavernous Malformation Spinal Artery Aneurysm Spinal Cord Infarction Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Spontaneous Epidural Hematoma Subdural Hematoma Superficial Siderosis Hematomyelia/Nontraumatic Cord Hemorrhage Bow Hunter Syndrome Vertebral Dissection SPINAL MANIFESTATIONS OF SYSTEMIC DISEASES Osteoporosis Paget Disease Hyperparathyroidism Renal Osteodystrophy Hyperplastic Vertebral Marrow Myelofibrosis Bone Infarction Extramedullary Hematopoiesis Tumoral Calcinosis Part VI: Peripheral Nerve and Plexus SECTION 1: PLEXUS AND PERIPHERAL NERVE LESIONS Normal Plexus and Nerve Anatomy Superior Sulcus Tumor Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Muscle Denervation Brachial Plexus Traction Injury Idiopathic Brachial Plexus Neuritis Traumatic Neuroma Radiation Plexopathy Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor Peripheral Neurolymphomatosis Hypertrophic Neuropathy Femoral Neuropathy Ulnar Neuropathy Suprascapular Neuropathy Median Neuropathy Common Peroneal Neuropathy Tibial Neuropathy Part VII: Spine Postprocedural Imaging SECTION 1: POSTOPERATIVE IMAGING AND COMPLICATIONS Surgical Approaches Normal Postoperative Change Postoperative Spinal Complications Myelography Complications Vertebroplasty Complications Failed Back Surgery Syndrome Recurrent Disc Herniation Peridural Fibrosis Arachnoiditis/Adhesions Arachnoiditis Ossificans Accelerated Degeneration Postoperative Infection Pseudomeningocele CSF Leakage Syndrome Postsurgical Deformity SECTION 2: POST-RADIATION AND CHEMOTHERAPY COMPLICATIONS Radiation Myelopathy Post-Irradiation Vertebral Marrow Anterior Lumbar Radiculopathy

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• Medicina músculo-esquelética, motricidade
• Radiologia